Which perspective sees the world as fundamentally anarchic?

The perspective that views the world as fundamentally anarchic is realism. Realism posits that international relations are governed by the competitive and conflictual nature of human beings. In this framework, states operate in a self-help system where there is no overarching authority to provide security or enforce rules. This anarchy leads to a constant struggle for power among states, as each seeks to ensure its own survival against potential threats.

Realists assert that the lack of a global government forces states to prioritize their own interests and security above all else, often resulting in a security dilemma where the actions taken by one state to enhance its security can inadvertently threaten the security of others. This perspective emphasizes the role of military power, state sovereignty, and the harsh realities of power politics in international relations, underscoring the anarchic nature of the global system.

In contrast, liberalism tends to emphasize cooperation, international institutions, and the potential for progress through collective action. The conservative perspective often focuses on traditional values and the importance of maintaining order, while constructivism highlights the role of social constructs and ideational factors in shaping international relations rather than viewing the system as inherently anarchic.