How is 'sovereignty' defined in the context of international relations?

In the context of international relations, sovereignty is fundamentally defined as the authority of a state to govern itself independently, without external interference. This concept encompasses both internal sovereignty, which is the state's ability to manage its own affairs and legal authority within its borders, and external sovereignty, which refers to the recognition by other states of that authority and the ability to enter into relations with them.

Sovereignty is crucial for the functioning of a state in the international system, as it establishes the legitimacy of governance and the state's autonomy over its territory. A sovereign state has the right to establish its laws, engage in foreign policy, and protect its borders, which are all core aspects of its political identity. In essence, sovereignty serves as the foundational principle of statehood, underlining a state's capacity to exercise power and authority domestically and internationally.

Other concepts, such as economic sanctions, military power, or cultural influence, while significant in their own rights, do not capture the essence of sovereignty as self-governing authority.