How do realists in international relations perceive power?

Realists in international relations predominantly emphasize the importance of material power, which encompasses military and economic capabilities. They view the international system as anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority to govern states, and therefore, states must rely on their power to ensure their survival and pursue their national interests. In this context, military strength is crucial for demonstrating capability and deterrence, while economic power supports a state's military endeavors and overall influence.

By focusing on tangible elements like military capabilities and economic resources, realists assert that power is fundamentally about the ability to compete and defend oneself against threats. This perspective distinguishes realists from other theories that may consider ideological factors, diplomatic negotiations, or cultural influence as primary drivers of power dynamics. Realist thinkers, such as Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz, underscore that, in international relations, the competition for power is a constant and that the material basis of power remains central to understanding state behavior and interactions.